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Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum
The ''Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum'' ("Song on the occasion of the victory of the Pisans") is a poem celebrating the victory of the Italian maritime republics in the Mahdia campaign of 1087/8.〔H. E. J. Cowdrey, "The Mahdia Campaign of 1087", ''The English Historical Review'' 92 (1977), 1–29, presents a critical edition of the text, with commentary. The discrepancy between 1087 and 1088 is found in primary sources, and Cowdrey discusses it on pp. 5–6.〕 It was probably written by a Pisan cleric within months of the campaign.〔Christopher J. Marshall, ("The Crusading Motivation of the Italian City Republics in the Latin East, ''c''. 1096–1104" ), ''Rivista di Bizantinistica'' 1 (1991).〕 G. H. Pertz was the first to note the historical value of the text in 1839.〔''Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde'' 7 (1839), 539, cited in Cowdrey (1977).〕 It is an important source for the development of Christian ideas about holy war on the eve of the First Crusade (1095–99), and may have been influenced by the contemporary theology of Anselm of Lucca and his circle. It seems to have influenced the ''Gesta Francorum'', an account of the First Crusade composed by someone in the south Italian contingent.〔 All of the later Pisan sources for the Mahdia campaign rely mainly on it: the ''Chronicon Pisanum'' only adds details about the memorial church, the ''Annales Pisani'' of Bernardo Maragone only rewords the former, and the ''Cronaca di Pisa'' of Ranieri Sardo and the ''Breviarium Pisanae historiae'' add only legendary material to the account.〔Cowdrey (1977), 3–4.〕
==Text and structure==
The text of the ''Carmen'' survives in a single copy in MS. 3879–919, ff. 63r–65v, in the Bibliothèque royale Albert Ier in Brussels. The manuscript originated in Italy in the twelfth century and contains 174 folios. The mansucript begins with the words "Here begins the prologue of the book of Guido, composed of various histories for diverse uses for edification of the reader",〔Cowdrey (1977), 2: ''Incipit prologus libri Guidonis compositi de variis historiis pro diversis utilitatibus lectori proventuris''〕 but there is no reason to believe that Guido of Pisa is the author of the ''Carmen''. In fact, the Brussels manuscript is a careless copy of the original ''Liber Guidonis'', which places the surviving ''Carmen'' at least two stages removed from the original.〔Cowdrey (1977), 2.〕 It has come down to us without a title, the conventional title has been supplied by editors.
The poem consists of 73 stanzas, each with four lines of fifteen syllables, for a total of 292 lines. It is written in Lombardic metre, which was traditionally used in Italy for historical poems and dirges, and which comprises rhyming trochaic tetrameters.〔 In the surviving copy the rhyming is imperfect and the metre frequently fails. The author or copyist used a symbol resembling a small closing parenthesis above a dot to indicate the tetrameters and the end of every line, and a period to indicate the end of a stanza. In modern editions these may be replaced by commas, semi-colons, colons or exclamation marks where thought appropriate by the editor.〔
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